Syllogisms & Venn Diagrams

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Syllogisms & Venn Diagrams

Syllogisms & Venn Diagrams: A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. In its earliest form, a syllogism arises when two true premises validly imply a conclusion, or the main point that the argument aims to get across.

In some fundamental ways, a syllogistic logic can be applied to computer programs. In this case, a computer program could use a syllogistic logic structure to determine outcomes. For example, if all A’s are B’s and all B’s are C’s, therefore all A’s are C’s. However, some types of syllogisms in human logic try to make deductive guesses about outcomes. These would generally be replaced by outcomes used in computer science, which are largely predetermined and strictly logical. In other cases, a syllogism could be contrasted with or related to a series of “if/then” statements used in programming to affect outcomes based on logical cases.

Three kinds of syllogisms, categorical (every / all), conditional (if / then), and disjunctive (either / or).

LOGICAL DEDUCTION

Ex, Statement :

All men are women

some women are children.

Conclusions :

Some men are children.
All men are children
Some men are children is a possibility.

(a) Only I follows

(b) Only III follows

(d) All folllows

(e) None of these.

Sol.

Statement I is only true in (b), Hence some men are children is a possibility not a true statement. Hence statement I is false.

Statement II is false in both the cases. Hence statement II is also false.

From fig. b. it can be concluded that there is a possibility of some men are children.

Hence statement III is true.

Hence answer is “Only III follows”.

Directions (1-5): In the question below there are three statements followed by two conclusions I and II. You must take the three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the four statements disregarding commonly known facts.

1. Statements:

No fingers are legs

Mostly legs are hands

Only a few hands are hairs

Conclusions:

I. Some legs are not hairs

II. All hands being fingers is a possibility.

a. Only conclusion II follows

b. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows

c. Only conclusion I follows

d. Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.

e. None of the above

2: Statements:

Only a few rides are trips.

No trip is mountain.

All mountains are trees.

Conclusions:

I: Some trees are not trips.

II: All rides being trips is not a possibility.

a. Only conclusion I follows

b. Only conclusion II follows

c. Either conclusion I or II follows

d. Both conclusions I and II follow

e. Neither conclusion I nor II follows

3: Statements:

Mostly pets are cats

Only cats are dogs

No cats are rabbits

Conclusions:

I. Some pets are rabbits.

II. All pets being rabbits is not a possibility.

a. Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.

b. Only conclusion I follows

c. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows

d. Only conclusion II follows

e. None of the above

4: Statements:

Few bulbs are tube lights

No tube lights are fans

Few fans are lights.

Conclusions:

I. Few lights are tube lights

II. All bulbs may be fans.

a. Only conclusion II follows

b. Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.

c. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows

d. Only conclusion I follows

e. None of the above

5: Statements:

Only a few Sundays are Mondays.

Some Mondays are Tuesdays

No Tuesdays are Fridays

Conclusions:

I. Some Sundays are not Mondays

II. Some Sundays are not Fridays.

a. Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.

b. Only conclusion I follows

c. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows

d. Only conclusion II follows

e. None of the above

Solution 1:

Following figure can be formed:

From the figure, only conclusion II follows. Hence, option a.

Solution 2:

The figure deduced from the statements,

Therefore, both conclusions I and II follow. Hence, option d.

Solution 3:

Following figure can be formed:

From the figure, only conclusion II follows. Hence, option d.

Solution 4:

Following figure can be formed:

From the figure, none of the conclusions follow. Hence, option c.

Solution 5:

Following figure can be formed:

TYPE 1: TWO STATEMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Directions (1 to 7) : In each questions below are given two or more statements followed by two or more conclusion. You have to take the given statements to be true even of they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusionsand then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows disregarding commonly known facts.

if only conclusion I follows
if only conclusion II follows
if either conclusion I or II follows
if neither conclusion I nor II follows
if both conclusion I and II follows

1. Statement :

All men are player

All players are cats.

Conclusions :

I. All men are cats.

II. All cats are men.

1. Statement : All men are player All players are cats. Conclusions : I. All men are cats. II. All cats are men.	2. Statement: Some hens are cows. All cows are horses. Conclusions: I. Some horses are hens. II. Some hens are horses.
3. Statement: All fishes are tortoise. No tortoise is a crocodile. Conclusions: No Crocodile is a fish. No fish is a crocodile.	4. Statement: All hill stations have a sun-set point. X is a hill station. Conclusions: X has a sun-set point. Places other than hill stations do not have sun-set points.
5. Statements: Some poets are men. All men are silly. Conclusions: All silly persons are men. II. Some poets are silly.	6. Statements: All trains are buses. All buses are cycles. Conclusions: I. All trains are cycles but not buses. II. All buses that are trains are cycles.
7. Statements: Some cups are glasses. Every plate is cup as well as glass. Conclusions: I. Some cups are plates. II. All glasses are not plates.

Direction (8-12): You must take the given statements-to-be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions I, II and III then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

8. Statement: Only gold burg is bond. Some racket is not packet. Only a few gold burg is racket. Only packet is wicket. Conclusion: I. Some bond being racket is a possibility. II. Some racket is not gold burg. III. All wicket can be gold burg. (a) If only conclusion I follows. (b) If only conclusion II follows. (c) If only conclusion III follows (d) If both conclusion I and III follows. (e) None follows	9. Statement: Only a few elephants is testimony. No testimony is synthetic. Only tricky is question. Some tricky are synthetic. Conclusion: I. All questionnaires being synthetic is a possibility. II. Some elephants are not testimony. III. All elephant being testimony is a possibility. (a) if only conclusion I follows. (b) If only conclusion II follows. (c) If both conclusion I and II follows (d) If both conclusion I and III follows. (e) All follows.
10. Statement: Some coherent is not beaker. Only a few beakers is caramel. All caramel is tunky. Some coherent is several. Conclusion: I. Some beaker being several is a possibility. II. Some tunky are caramel. III. All coherent being caramel is a possibility. (a) If only conclusion I follows. (b) All follows. (c) If both conclusion I and II follows (d) If both conclusion I and III follows. (e) If only conclusion II follows.	11. Statements: No gun is bullets. No bullet is rifle. All bullets is lake. No river is lake. Conclusions: I. Some river being rifle is a possibility. II. All guns can never be rifle. (a) Only I follow. (b) Only II follows. (c) Either I or II follow. (d) Neither I nor II follows. (e) Both I and II follows.
12. Statements: Only 23 is 18. Some 23 is 2. No 2 is 7. Only a few 7 is 16. Conclusions: I. All 18 being 16 is a possibility. II. Some 7 are not I6. III. Some 23 are not 7. (a) Both I and II (b) Both II and Ill (c) All I, II and Ill. (d) Only I (e) Only 11

Directions (13-14): Each of the following questions consists of five statements followed by five conclusions. Consider the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions does not logically follow from the given statements using all statements together.

13. Statements: All bakeries are cake. Some cakes are kitkat. No kitkat are harmful. Some harmful are yummy. All yummy are tasty. Conclusions: (a) Some tasty are harmful.
(b) All bakery being kitkat is a possibility.
(c) Some cake is not harmful.
(d) All cake being bakery is a possibility
(e) All bakery being cake is a possibility.

14. Statements: Some funny are hunny. No hunny is wunny. All wunny is sunny. Some sunny is tunny. All tunny is bunny. Conclusions: (a) All sunny being wunny is a possibility.
(b) All bunny being wunny is a possibility.
(c) All tunny being wunny is a possibility.
(d) All wunny being sunny is a possibility.
(e) All funny being sunny is a possibility.

Directions (15-19): In each of the questions below are given some statements followed by some conclusions. You must take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

15. Statements: Some Hill are ream. All reams are kitting. Some kitting are Bouncy. No Bouncy are Angl. Conclusions: I. Some Angl are kitting. II. Some kitting are hill. III. Some Angl are ream. IV. Some Angl are hill. (a) Only I, II and III follow (b) Only I, II and IV follow (c) Only II, III and IV follow (d)All follow (e) Only II follow	16. Statements: Some plumb are work. Some work are drive. All drive are boun. No boun is a flew. Conclusions: I. At least some boun are plumb. II. All drive are flew is a possibility. Ill. Some plumb are both work and drive. IV. At least some flew are a drive. (a) Only IV follows. (b) Only either II or III follow. (c) Only Ill follows. (d) Only I follow. (e) None follows.
17. Statements: All sham is condition. All trim are sham. No conditions are run. Conclusions: I. All sham are not run. II. All condition are trim. (a) Only conclusion I follow. (b) Only conclusion II follows. (c) Either conclusion I or conclusion II follows. (d) Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows. (e) Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.	18. Statements: No pink is dream. Not a single drop of dream is yellow. Every yellow is white. Conclusions: I. Some white which arc yellow are pink as well. II. No pink is yellow. III. Some white are not dream. (a) Only conclusion III follows. (b) Either conclusion I or II follows. (c) Only conclusion II and III follows. (d) All follow. (e) None of these
19. Statements: Only Park is Ground. Only a few Office is Green. No Ground is Green. Conclusion: I. All Office can never be Park. II. Some Office being Park is a possibility. (a) If only conclusion I follows. (b) If only conclusion II follows. (c) If either conclusion I or II follows. (d) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (e) If both conclusions I and II follow.

ANSWERS

1. (a) 2. (e) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (e) 9. (b) 10.(B) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (e) 14. (d) 15. (e) 16. (e)

17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b)

TYPE 2: MORE THAN TWO STATEMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

PRACTICE TEST-II

Directions (I to 3) : From the given Statements choose the appropriate conclusions given below : Select answer as : (a) if only conclusion land III follows ; (b) if only conclusion III follows ; (c) if only conclusion Il and IV follows ; (d) All follows (e) None of these

1. Statement: Some A are not B All B are C All C are D Conclusions: I. Some B are not A II. Some A are not C III. All A can be D.	2. Statement: All A are B Some B are D All D are E Some D are not F Conclusions: I. No A is F II. Some E are not F III. Some F are not A IV. All E can be A
3. Statement: A are not F No B is E All E are F All A are B Conclusions: I. Some B are not F II. Some F are, not B III. All B cannot be F. IV. Some B can be F.

Directions (4 to 11): In each of the following questions, two statements are given followed by three or four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

4. Statements: Some pencils are windows. All windows are roads. Some roads are cups. All cups are chains. Conclusions: I. Some chains are pencils. II. Some cups are pencils. III. Some chains are windows. IV. Some roads are pencils. (a) None follows (b) Only II follows (c) Only IV follows (d) Only III and IV follow (e) Only III follows.	5. Statements: Some beds are mirrors. Some mirrors are dolls. Some dolls are cheques. Some cheques are pins. Conclusions: I. Some pins are dolls. II. Some cheques ‘are beds. Ill. Some cheques are mirrors. IV. Some dolls are beds. (a) None follows (b) Only I follow (c) Only II follows (d) Only Ill follows (e) Only IV follows.
6. Statements: All glasses are rooms. Some rooms are planes. All planes are ducks. Some ducks arc lanterns. Conclusions: I. Some lanterns are planes. II. Some ducks arc rooms. III. Some rooms are glasses. IV. Some ducks are glasses. (a) Only I and 11 follow (b) Only II and III follow (c) Only I, II and III follow (d) All follow (e) None of the above.	7. Statements: Some chairs are tents. Some tents are jugs. All jugs are glasses. All glasses are pots. Conclusions: I. Some pots are tents. II. Some pots are chairs. III. Some glasses are chairs. IV. Some glasses are tents. (a) Only 1 and II follow (b) Only II and III follow (c) Only I and III follow (d) Only I and IV follow (e) None of these.
8. Statements: All cheques are notes. All notes are tyres. All tyres are books. All books are rods. Conclusions: I. Some rods are notes. II. Some books are tyres. III. Some tyres are cheques. (a) Only I and II follow (b) Only I and III follow (c) Only II and III follow (d) All follow (e) None of these.	9. Statements: Some pens are tables. All tables are umbrellas. Some umbrellas are sticks. All sticks are caps. Conclusions: I. Some caps are umbrellas. II. Some umbrellas are pens. III. Some sticks are pens. (a) Only I and II follow (b) Only I and III follow (c) Only II and III follow (d) All follow (e) None of these.
10. Statements: Some beads are rings. Some rings are bangles. All bangles are clothes. All clothes are boxes. Conclusions: 1. Some boxes are bangles. II. Some clothes are rings. III. Some bangles are heads. (a) None follows (b) Only I follow (c) Only II follows (d) Only Hi follows (e) Only I and II follow.	11. Statements: All desks are pillars. All pillars are circles. Some circles are squares. Some squares are desks. Conclusions: I. Some rectangles are pillars. H. Some circles are desks. III. Some squares are desks. (a) None follows (b) Only I follow (c) Only II follows (d) Only III follows (e) Only I and II follow.
12. Statements: All papers are clips. Some clips are boards. Some boards are lanes. All lanes are roads. Conclusions: I. Some roads are boards. II. Some lanes are clips. III. Some boards are papers. IV. Some roads are clips. (a) Only I and II follow (b) Only I and HI follow (c) Only L II and III follow (d) Only IL III and IV follow (e) None of the above.	13. Statements: Some pencils are kites. Some kites are desks. All desks are jungles. All jungles are mountains. Conclusions: I. Some mountains are pencils. II. Some jungles are pencils. III. Some mountains are desks. IV. Some jungles are kites. (a) Only I and III follow (b) Only I, II and III follow (c) Only III and IV follow (d) Only II, III and IV follow (e) None of the above.
14. Statements: All stones are hammers. No hammer is ring. Some rings are doors. All doors are windows. Conclusions: I. Some windows are stones. II. Some windows are rings. HI. No window is stone. IV. Some lines are stones. (a) Only I follow (b) Only II follows (c) Only III follows (d) Only either I or Ill follows (e) Only either I or III and II follow.

Directions-(15 to 25): In each question below arc given some statements followed by some Conclusions. You must take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

15. Statements: Only a few 16 is 80. All 65 is 100. No 80 is 100. Conclusions: I. No 65 is 16. II. Some 100 is 16 is a possibility. (a) Only l follows (b) Both I and II follow (c) Only II follows (d) None follows (e) None of these	16. Statements: Only 96 is 150. Some 96 is 35. No 8 is 96. Conclusions: I. All 8 is 35 is a possibility II. All 35 is 150 is a possibility (a) Only I follow (b) Both I and II follow (c) Only II follows (d) Either I or II follows (e) None follows
17. Statements: All 114 is 40. No 40 is 30. No 30 is 65. Conclusions: I. Some 65 is 114. II. No 114 is 65. (a) Only II follows (b) Both 1 and 11 follow (c) Only I follow (d) Either 1 or 11 follows (e) None follows	18. Statements: Only a few 30 is 114. No 80 is 70. All 114 is 80. Conclusions: I. All 70 is 30 is a possibility. 11. All 30 is 80 is a possibility. (a) Only I follow (b) Both 1 and 11 follow (c) Either I or II follow (d) Only II follows (e) None of these
19. Statements: No 96 is 48. Some 76 is 48. Only a few 48 is 80. Conclusions: I. Some 76 is not 96. II. No 96 is 80. (a) Only I follow (b) Both l and II follow (c) Only II follow (d) Either I or II follows (e) None of these	20. Statements: Some 95 is 18. Only a few 18 is 97. Only 97 is 85. Conclusions: 1. A1195 is 18 is a possibility. II. All 18 is 97 is a possibility. (a) Only II follows. (b) Either I or II follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Only 1 follows. (e) Neither I nor II follows.
21. Statements: All 65 are 6. All 6 are 18. Only a few 6 is 28. Conclusions: I. All 65 is 28 is a possibility II. Some 18 is 28 is a possibility (a) Only II follows. (b) Either or II follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Only I follow. (e) Neither I nor II follows	22. Statements: No 45 is 3. Only a few 3 is 80. Some 45 is 18. Conclusions: I. All 3 is 18 is a possibility. II. Some 80 is 45 is a possibility. (a) Only II follow. (b) Either I or II follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Only I follow. (e) Neither I nor II follows
23. Statements: All 48 is 33. Only a few 48 is 16. All 16 is 28. Conclusions: I. All 33 is 16 is a possibility II. Some 28 is 48 is a possibility (a) Only II follows. (b) Either I or II follows (c) Both I and II follow (d) Only I follow. (e) Neither I nor II follows	24. Statements: All 115 are 64. No 10 are 11. All 10 are 64. Conclusions: I. All 11 is 115. II. No 11 is 115. (a) Only II follows. (b) Either I or II follows (c) Both I and Il follow (d) Only I follow. (e) Neither I nor II follows
25. Statement: Only Tesla is Reliance. Some Tesla is Olivia. All Olivia are Microsoft. Conclusion: I. All Tesla can be Microsoft. II. All Olivia can never be Tesla. (a) If only conclusion I follows (b) If only conclusion II follows (c) If either I or II follows (d) If neither I nor H follows (e) If both I and II follow

ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (e) 11. (c) 12. (e) 13. (c) 14. (e) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (4) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d)

PRACTICE TEST

Directions (1 to 10) : From the given Statements choose the appropriate conclusions given below : Select answer as : (a) if only conclusion I follows ; (b) if only conclusion II follows ; (c) if either conclusion 1 or II follows ; (d) if neither conclusion I nor II follows ; (e) if both conclusion I and II follows.

1. Statements: Only Postgraduates appear. Ram is a postgraduate. Conclusions: I. Ram may appear. II. Only Ram appears.	2. Statements: No gold is silver Sam is gold. Conclusions: I. Sam is not silver. II. Sam may or may not be silver.
3. Statements: All rings are necklaces. All those necklaces which are not rings are earrings. No earrings are bracelet. Conclusions: I. Some bracelets are necklaces. II. No Ring is a bracelet	4-7. Statements: Some apples are bananas. All bananas are Oranges. Some Oranges are mangoes. No mango is a Papaya. All grapes are Papayas. Some Papayas are Apples. 4. Conclusions: I. All mangoes, if they are bananas, also are necessarily oranges. II. All apples, if they are grapes. Also are necessarily Papayas. 5. Conclusions: I some Oranges, which are apples, are necessarily Bananas. II. No grape is a mango. 6. Conclusions: I. Some grapes are apples. II. Some Oranges are apples. 7. Conclusions: I. Some mangos are not bananas. II. Some mangoes that are bananas are also apples.
8. Statements: All rings me circles. All squares are rings. No ellipse is a circle. Conclusions: I. Some rings being ellipses is a possibility. II. At least some circles are squares.	9. Statements: No house is an apartment. Some bungalows are apartments. Conclusions: I. No house is a bungalow. II. All bungalows are houses.
10. Statements: All minutes are seconds. All seconds arc hours. No second is a day. Conclusions: I. No day is an hour. II. At least some hours arc minutes.

Directions (11-15): In the following questions, the symbols *, +, – and / are used with the following meanings as illustrated below. Study the following Information and answer the given questions. In each of the questions given below statements are followed by some conclusions. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically does not follow from the given statement 3 disregarding commonly known facts.

A * B – All A is B A + B – Some B is A A/B – No B is A

A – B – Some A is not B ? – Possibility case

Note: if ? is placed after any of the symbols mentioned above, then it will be considered as possibility case of the symbol. E.g. A +? B means some B being A is a possibility.

11. Statements: mall + plaza * market- complex Conclusions: (a) mall – complex (b) mall + market (c) market + plaza (d) complex +? market (e) plaza-? Complex	12. Statements: Road/traffic/light * crossing Conclusions: (a) road+? light (b) crossing – light (c) traffic * ? crossing (d)road + ? crossing (c) crossing – traffic
13. Statements: Pen + eraser * paper; Pen * pencil Conclusions: (a) paper + ? pencil (b) paper + pencil (c) pencil * ? paper (d) pencil + eraser (e) paper + pen	14. Statements: blue/ black* pink; redsblack Conclusions: (a) rcd+? blue (b) black+ red (c) red* pink (d) pink+ red (c) pink- blue
15. Statements: StoreShop/Market-Mall Conclusions:* (a) Market – store (b) Shops * ? Mall (c) Store * ? Market (d) Mall – Shop (e) All Follows

(a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (e) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)

PRACTICE TEST—IV

Direction (1 – 2): In the following questions, only one Conclusion is given and five statements are given as a), b), c), d) and e). From this you have to take the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given statement logically follows.

1. Conclusions:

Some mouse is not monitor. Some keyboards are monitor.

Statements:

I. Some screen is monitor. No monitor is keyboard. All keyboards are mouse.

II. All screens are monitor. No monitor is keyboard. Some keyboard is mouse

III. No screen is monitor. No monitor is keyboard. All keyboards are mouse

IV. All screens are monitor. All monitors are keyboard. No keyboard is mouse

V. Some keyboards are mouse. All monitor is screen. No keyboard is a screen.

2. Conclusions:

Some crows are not parrot. Some crows are owl.

Statements:

I. All parrots are owl. No owl is crow. Some crows are Dove.

II. Some parrots are owl. Some owls are crow. All crows are dove.

III. No parrot is owl. All owls are crow. Some crows are dove.

IV. All parrots are owl. Some owl is Dove. Some crows are dove.

V. All owls are Parrot. All Parrots are crow. All crows are dove.

Direction (3 – 5): In the following questions, only one Conclusion is given and five statements are given as a), b), c), d) and e). From this you have to take the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given statement logically follows.

3. Conclusion:

Petals are definitely not leaves. All leaves are flowers.

Statements:

I. Some leaves arc flowers. All flowers are petals. No root is a leave.

II. All flowers are root. All roots are leaves. No root is a petal.

III. All leaves are root. All roots are flowers. No root is a petal.

IV. Some leaves are petals. All petals are flowers. Some flowers are definitely not root.

V. Same leaves are definitely not petals. All are root. Some petals are flowers.

4. Conclusions:

Some boats are definitely not ships. Some boats are woods.

Statements:

I. No ship is paint. Some paints are boats. All woods are boats.

II. All ships are boats. No boat is a wood. All woods are paints.

III. All woods are ships. No ship is a boat. All boats are paints.

IV. All boats are ships. All ships are woods. All woods are paints.

V. No ship is paint. All boats are ships. All woods are paints.

5. Conclusion:

Some apples are definitely not oranges. No orange is a grape.

Statements:

I. All grapes are bananas. All bananas are oranges. All oranges are apples.

II. No orange is a banana. Some bananas are apples. All grapes are bananas.

III. All apples are oranges, some apples are grapes. No grape is a banana

IV. No orange is a apple. All bananas arc grapes. Some oranges are bananas.

V. No orange is a banana. Some oranges are grapes. All grapes are apples.

Direction (6 – 9): In the following questions, only one Conclusion is given and five statements are given as a), b), c), d) and e). From this you have to take the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given statement logically follows.

6. Conclusions:

Some desks are pencils are a possibility. Sonic mountains are jungles. Some mountains are desks. Some jungles are kites.

Statements:

I. All pencils are kites No kites are desks All desks are jungles. All jungles are mountains

II. No pencils are kites No kites are desks All desks are jungles. All jungles are mountains

III. Some pencils are kites. Some kites are desks, All desks are jungles. All jungles are mountains

IV. Some pencils are kites. Some kites are desks No desks are jungles. No jungles are mountains

V. Some pencils are kites. Some kites are desks. Some desks are jungles. Some jungles are mountains

7. Conclusions:

Some roads are boards. Some boards are papers are a possibility. Some roads are clips are a possibility. Some roads are lanes

Statements:

I. No papers are clips. Some clips are boards. Some boards are lanes. No lanes are roads.

II. All papers are clips. All clips are boards. No boards are lanes. All lanes are roads.

III. Some papers are clips. No clips are boards. No boards are lanes. Some lanes are roads.

IV. No papers are clips. Some clips are not boards. Some boards are not lanes. All lanes are roads.

V. All papers are clips. Some clips are boards. Some boards are lanes. All lanes are roads

8. Conclusions:

Some windows are rings. No stone is a ring. Some windows are doors. Some doors are rings.

Statements:

I. Some stones are hammers. Some hammer is a ring. Some rings are doors. All doors are windows.

II. All stones are hammers. No hammer is a ring. Some rings are doors. AII doors are windows.

Ill. All stones are hammers. No hammer is a ring. No rings are doors. No doors are windows.

IV. All stones are hammers. All hammers are ring. Some rings are doors. All doors are windows.

V. Some stones are hammers. No hammer is a ring. Some rings are doors. All doors are windows.

9. Conclusions:

Some sticks arc store is a possibility. Some chains are baskets. Some chains are sticks. All stick are a store is a possibility

Statements:

I. Some stores are baskets. Some baskets arc sticks. Some sticks are chains.

II. All stores are baskets. Some baskets are not sticks. Some sticks are chains.

III. No stores are baskets. All baskets are sticks. All sticks are chains.

IV. All stores arc baskets. Some baskets are sticks. All sticks arc chains.

V. All stores are baskets. No baskets are sticks. All sticks are chains.

Direction (10 – 14): In the following questions, only one Conclusion is given and five statements are given as a), b), c), d) and e). From this you have to take the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given statement logically follows.

10. Conclusions: There is a possibility that some doctors am engineers. Some perfects arc doctors. There is a possibility that some engineers are good. Some perfect are engineers.

Statements:

I. No doctors are perfect. All engineers are perfect. Some perfect are good.

II. All doctors are perfect. All engineers are perfect. Some perfect are good

III. Some doctors are perfect. No engineers are perfect. Some perfect are good

IV. All doctors are perfect. All engineers are perfect. No perfect are good.

V. No doctors are perfect. No engineers are perfect. Some perfect are good.

11. Conclusions:

Some tomatoes may be goods. No egg is potato. Some tomatoes may be eggs. Some goods are potatoes.

Statements:

I. No eggs are tomatoes. No tomato is a potato. All potatoes are goods.

IL Some eggs are tomatoes. No tomato is a potato .No potatoes are goods.

III. No eggs are tomatoes. No tomato is a potato. No potatoes are goods.

IV. All eggs are tomatoes. All tomato is a potato. All potatoes are goods.

V. All eggs are tomatoes. No tomato is a potato. All potatoes are goods

12. Conclusions:

All those dogs that are cats are also whites. All the animals may be dog. Some whites are animal. Some cats are animals.

Statements:

I. No dogs are cats. All animals are cats .No cats are whites.

II. All dogs are cats. No animals are cats. All cats are whites.

III. All dogs are cats. All animals are cats. All cats are whites.

IV. Some dogs are cats. Some animals are cats. All Whites are Cats.

V. All dogs are cats. Some animals are cats. Some cats are whites.

13. Conclusions:

Some gold which are white are not yellow. Some gold being yellow is a possibility. Some white are gold. No silver is a yellow.

Statements:

1. No gold are silvers. All silvers are white. No white is a yellow.

II. Some gold are silvers. Some silvers are white. No white is a yellow.

III. Some gold are not white. Some yellow are not white. No silver is a yellow.

IV. Some gold are silvers. All silvers are white. No white is a yellow.

V. No gold are silvers. No silvers are white. No white is a yellow.

14. Conclusions:

All moons being stars is a possibility. Some planets are stars. No moon is a universe. Some planets are moons.

Statements:

I. Some stars are moons. All moons are planets. No planet is a universe.

II. No stars are moons. All moons are planets. No planet is a universe.

III. Some stars are moons. Some moons are planets. Some planet is a universe.

IV. Some stars are not moons. No moons are planets. No planet is a universe.

V. No stars are moons. No moons are planets. Some planet is a universe.

Directions (15-17): Each question below contains conclusions followed by statements. Find from which of the statements given, both the conclusions follow.

15. Conclusions:

Some rats are horses are a possibility. Some cats are not horses.

Statements:

I. All rats are cats. Some cats are tigers. All tigers are rabbits. No tigers are horses.

II. All rats are cats. Some tigers are rats. All tigers are rabbits. No cats are horses.

III. Some rats are tigers. All cats are tigers. No tigers are rabbits. Some horses are rabbits.

IV. All cats are rats. All rats are tigers. Some horses are rabbits. No horses are tigers.

V. None is correct

16. Conclusion:

No rati can be bang. Some break is Can

Statement-I- Some rati is break. No break is stone. Some stone is Can. some rati are bang.

Statement-II-Some rati is break. Some break is Can All Can is stones. Some bang are break.

Statement III- All stones are Can. No Can is bang. Some rati are bang. Some rati is break.

Statement IV- All bang is Can. Some rati are Can. All rati are stone. No break is stone.

Statement V- No bang is rati. Some rati are stone. Some stone is Can. Some breaks are can.

(a) Only Statement I (b) Only Statement II (c) Only Statement III

(d) Only Statement IV (e) Only Statement V

17. Conclusions:

I. Some jol arc fat.

II. At least some coc are cak.

III. All coc being jol is a possibility.

Statements:

I. Some cak are coc. Some coc are fat. Some fat are jol.

II. Some cak are fat. Some fat are coc. Some cocks are jol.

III. All cak are coc. Some coc are jol. No fat is coc.

IV. All cak are coc. All coc are fat. No fat is jol.

V. Some cak are coc. Some coc are fat. No fat is jol.

(a) Only statement I (b) Only statement II (c) Only statement III

(d) Only statement IV (e) Only statement V

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (e) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)

11. (e) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (e) 17. (a)